HINDUISM : Advaita Vedanta Advaita Vedanta is the culmination of Hindu thought. This philosophy stems directly from the experiences of great mystics Indo-Aryan that 4,000 years later wrote the Vedas and the Upanishads. Vedanta means precisely adhering to the genuine teaching of the Vedas, while Advaita means' non-dualist. " The first codification of this doctrine was about Shankara in 800 AD.
Recall that in Hinduism the term indicates the individual soul, Atman, Brahman, and the term indicates the supreme principle, without any form or definition ("neti, neti" that is "not this, not this).
Advaita Vedanta proclaims simply the identity of Atman with Brahman and the illusion of the whole world of sense: both the phenomenal universe, our consciousness and bodily being, that our experiences are actually illusory. Man's task is to break the illusory veil of Maya and awareness of this identity (lighting).
man, therefore, the Advaita Vedanta, is just like the prisoner of the "Myth of cave "by Plato, who swaps the shadows on the wall to the reality away from light and immersed in the shadows of a pseudo.
The Rishis (sages Hindu ascetics) retreated alone into the forest to meditate and get the awareness of ' identity of Atman and Brahman. The results of their experiences are exactly the Vedas: "Tat tvam asi," You're the one, says the Upanishad Chandogya written 1000 years before Christ to the comment of the Veda.
600 years before Christ Siddhartha Gautama the Buddha for the first time made public the path to enlightenment that so many Hindus consider genuine Hinduism to Buddhism as a heresy, but on this we would be very to discuss.
report some very significant steps taken from the Upanishads, on Advaita Vedanta:
"This supreme Brahman, the universal atman, huge house with everything that exists, anything thinner than thin, steady: in truth and yourself, for Thou art That "(Kaivalya Upanishad, I, 16).
"When it is known the supreme atman, which rests in a hidden place, without parties and without duality, as a witness, and being free from non-being, the atman reaches the universal condition" ( Kaivalya Upanishad II, 23-24).
"This Atman is not can be learned through teaching, nor by sacrifice, nor by many lessons ... This Atman is not attainable for one who lacks determination, that it divests itself to illusions, or performs an illegal asceticism. "(Mundaka Upanishad, III, II, 3 and 4).
" He who knows that supreme Brahman, that he becomes the Brahman "(Mundaka Upanishad, III, II, 9).
" Through the mere study of the scriptures or the scholarship can not be realized Atman, nor by the intellectual debates and classroom "(Katha Upanishad, I, II, 23).
" The wise, having studied the treaties of religious and secular knowledge, desert such treaties, as one who leaves the skin looking for the seed "(Brahmabindù Upanishad, 18).
" We must stop the mind in the heart until it is not possible to silence this condition is the true knowledge and liberation, everything else is merely wordy literature "(Brahmabindù Upanishad, 5).
" Yes, I know only the sacred texts, venerable master, but I do not know what the Self (Atman ). By great masters like you I have learned that the man who knows the Self beyond all pain. I am in a state of pain. Want to please a revered master, to let me pass all pain "(Chandogya Upanishad, VII, I, 3).
" Everything you study is not a set of words "(Chandogya Upanishad, VII, I, 3).
" In a frightful darkness enter those who live in ignorance and darkness even worse those who have only a theoretical knowledge "(Svetasvara Upanishad, IV, IV, 10).
" It is through knowledge that we will reach more than the casual. Science reveals to us the divine knowledge of the reality that transcends the senses, it reveals the principle, the uncaused cause of all, the One who has no form or name "(Mundaka Upanishad, I, I, 6).
"Without sound, formless, intangible, not decay, without taste and smell, without beginning or end, immutable, eternal, transcending all nature, ineffable. Those who can make it, and they only, are free from the jaws of death "(Katha Upanishad, I, III, 15).
"Reality, Knowledge, Infinite is Brahman. In the world of perishable things: name, form, time, space, causality, one that does not perish is the Imperishable. He that abideth forever even beyond the name, form of time-space and causality, and that is designated by the word that, he named the supreme Atman. I can not be seen in the forms of space, the breath of life and other restrictions. They are free form, the name and action. I am Brahman, the fact of existence, consciousness and bliss. This is the Real Science "(Sarvasara Upanishad).
Kabbalah The Cabala (Kabbalah," what has been received ") is the Jewish esoteric tradition. She was born in the Jewish communities of the diaspora from sixth century AD. Just at this time appeared the main kabbalistic text, the Sepher Yetzirah. Later in the thirteenth century AD, the Zohar appeared that many consider the fundamental Kabbalistic text. In these texts you try to express words and place in a doctrine of organic the experiences of the great Jewish mystics.
Kabbalah regards the secret aspect of creation and is based essentially on the concept of the Sephiroth (singular = Sephirath).
They are the powers of the divine, but they are contained in the divine itself. They are emanations of En Sof, the hidden God, infinite, unknowable. Although emanating from God, are part of God himself. The
are ten Sephiroth, and are meant as a hierarchical tree of life. The nearest to En Sof is Keter (crown) followed by Binah (understanding) and Hokhmah (wisdom) at a lower level are Gevurah (strength) and Hesed (mercy), then the fourth level the tree of life find me Tiferet (beauty), there are lower Hod (glory) and Netzach (eternity), the sixth level is Yesod (foundation), for there last Malkuth (the kingdom). The material component of the Sephiroth increases as one moves away from the principles laid down by En Sof.
While Sephiroth are part of the Divine, all that is below Malkuth is not a member, so, while the Sephiroth talking about adoption, for this world than we talk about creation.
The ten Sephiroth are connected by twenty-two paths corresponding to the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet and to twenty-two Major Arcana of the Tarot.
According to Kabbalistic tradition, En Sof contracted to make its energy in the form of Sephiroth. The contraction was necessary because it was the All En Sof and there would be room for anything else. The enactment of Sephiroth takes place in a timeless reality, because time exists only in the lower world to Malkuth.
The Sephiroth are perceived by the mystic in his rise from the nearest Malkuth the material world to climb to higher depending on the degree of knowledge that he attains.
As you can see the Kabbalistic doctrine has much in common coll'emanazionismo Platonists Plotinus, but also with Gnosticism as the concept of Sephirath can be compared to that of the Gnostic Aeon.
The Sephiroth are derived from En Sof for adoption. The Tree of the Sephiroth is Qadmon Adam, the primordial Adam. Keter is its crown and generates Hokhmah and Binah. Hokhmah is the primordial wisdom is the intelligence and Binah, the womb, the Divine Mother. Binah receives the seed from Hokhmah and generates the seven lower Sephiroth. Keter, Binah Hokmath and form the head of the heavenly body Dell'Adami Qadmon. The pair of Hesed and Gevurah are the arms. Tiferet is the central part of the body. Netzach and Hod are the legs. Yesod is the male genital organ, the generative force of the universe. Are channeled through Yesod, to the last Sefirah, Malkuth light and the strength of the preceding Sephiroth. Malkuth is also known as Shekinah. From top to bottom, the Sephiroth represent the drama of emanation, the transition to the creation by Eni Sof. From the ground up, the Sephiroth form a ladder leading up to the One.
esoteric Jewish literature in the Shekinah means the manifestation and the presence of God, it indicates the immanence of God in the world, His eternal presence.
Esotericism mean that the Jewish God really possesses anthropomorphic traits, such as emotions and feelings, and consider those who still live in a relationship with God in the form of an interpersonal relationship as "handicapped" Spiritual, children not yet grown.
We would also like to point out that the process of enactment is traced backwards from the mystical Jewish in his asceticism.
PIU 'speed of light? We know from Einstein's theory of relativity that the speed of light (300,000 miles per second) is a no: no material body can travel at speeds in excess in the Universe, which would place an insurmountable limit to We hope to make contact with other civilizations, given the vast distances that characterize the Universe (like that of our nearest galaxy is 2 and a half million light years).
If in the equations of this theory is put to the speed values \u200b\u200bgreater than 300,000 km / s are obtained negative values \u200b\u200bfor the time: you go back in time!
When these equations are placed in the variable "energy" (momentum = mass x velocity) imaginary numbers [imaginary numbers are defined in Algebra as the square roots of negative numbers], you get the speed higher than the speed of light.
E 'was then formulated the following scientific theory: in our space-time particles of matter can not exceed the speed of light and therefore were defined BRADIONI. But there is a Space-time, the particles of matter can not travel at speeds less than that of light and have therefore been defined tachyons. So the speed of light would always be a limit, but for two "Space-Time" different.
Now, to clarify the mass-energy equivalence equation E = M x C x C (where E is energy, M the mass and C the speed of light), we know turn matter into energy (see H-bomb, nuclear power plants, etc. ..) and we also do the opposite situation. But for now, what do we know only subatomic particles that transform into photons (massless particles that make up light). To hope use these considerations to travel in space, you should first transform the bodies of large mass into energy (photons), then tachyon, then, arrived at their destination, and finally back into photons in material bodies.
may seem like science fiction, but there was a disturbing phenomenon to say the least: the spin is the rotation of an electron around its axis, so there are two types of spin. Often induces an electron an electron near prendre his own spin without it already has. Well, this happens instantly, regardless of the distance between the two electrons, and at speeds exceeding that of light. So the famous
Hyperspace, the fantasized by writers of fiction, nothing more than the world of tachyons.
Time will tell!
E = M C ² x E = M x C ²
[C ² is Bill C-squared and indicates CXC]
It 's the formula due to Einstein that establishes definitively the equivalence of mass and energy. For example, in the middle of all the stars, and then also at the center of the Sun, four hydrogen atoms, because of the enormous pressure inside the star, they combine to form a helium atom. The mass of a Helium thus formed is, however, slightly less than the sum of four hydrogen atoms. The loss of mass is is transformed into energy and therefore the stars radiate a huge amount of energy into space. In the formula, the letter C indicates the speed of light is 300000 km / sec and is the highest speed reached in the Universe. When you approach the speed, time slows down. In fact, in particle accelerators like CERN is observed that if you accelerate a particle (eg muon) at a rate of 99.5% of that of light, its life expectancy increases by 10 times. This is because space and time are not two separate entities, but are only two aspects of one reality which physicists call the "spacetime".
The equivalence between Mass and energy is used successfully in nuclear reactors to produce electricity and, unfortunately, in atomic bombs. In particular, the H-bomb, it exploits the fusion of hydrogen in a helium atom, as the interiors of stars.
THE SPEED 'OF LIGHT The light propagates in space at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second. E 'was shown by the theory of relativity Einstein's special that this is the highest possible speed in the universe. When you approach the speed, time slows down. In fact, in particle accelerators like the CERN Geneva Note that if you accelerate a particle (eg muon) at a rate of 99.5% of that of light, its life expectancy increases by 10 times. This because Space and Time are not two separate entities, but are only two aspects of one reality which physicists call the "Spacetime . The light in certain physical experiments behaves as if it were made of particles (photons, mass almost nothing) and other physical experiments behaves as if it were made of waves. These waves, unlike sound waves propagate in a vacuum, however. We speak therefore of wave-particle duality. In fact, the theories are true, and two: they are our attempt to describe unknowable reality. The speed of light is an enormous speed, but compared to the vastness of the Universe, we realize that is not true. Already come from the Sun to our eyes, the light takes 8 minutes, so the Sun's image that we see now is actually the sun as it was eight minutes ago.
The closest star to us (considering not the Sun) is Proxima Centauri which is 4.2 years-light. This means that when I look at that star, I see it as it was about 4 years and three months ago, because this is the time that his image has taken to arrive at my eyes and then to my brain. But if I go with her eyes to observe a faint haze located in the constellation Andromeda , well that's the Andromeda galaxy (consisting of 300 billion stars) is 2 and a half million light years, then see how it was 2 and a half million years ago, when that image is playing on Earth there was still the Man!
But Andromeda is one of the galaxies nearest to us: there are galaxies away from us millions and billions of light years. When we look at the telescope which is a galaxy a few billion light years, probably see an object has disappeared with all possible civilizations that they were (think that the average lifetime of a star as the sun is 10 billion years).
As you can see, just look up to heaven to go back in time: time and space are inextricably linked.
PLATO: THE MYTH OF THE CAVE AND Some men are chained in a cave since childhood with his back exit, and then forced to look only toward the end wall. Upon exiting the cave there is a high wall around the opening half. Behind this wall of men carrying on the shoulders of statues representing all sorts of things. Behind these men burns a great fire in the sky and the sun shines. The projects focus on the bottom of the cave only the shadows of the statues, because the men who carry them are hidden from the wall. The voices resound as an echo of the carriers at the bottom of the cavern to which the prisoners think they are the voices of the shadows of the statues. Prisoners are therefore convinced that the shadows cast on the bottom of the cave are the only existing reality.
One of the prisoners can escape. He turns and heads for the exit of the cave and discovers that the statues and shadows are not the true reality. Leaving the cave, he saw the external reality, he discovers that even the statues are the reality, but only imitations of real things. Finally, after being accustomed to the bright light which was not used, he discovers that all things are visible due to sunlight.
At first he decides to stay forever in that wonderful place, but then remembers the terrible situation of his comrades and return them to explain the truth. But back inside the cave, his eyes now dazzled by the light, most do not distinguish the shadows of the statues.
Then the companions deride and despise him and continue to make the highest honors to those that best distinguish the statuettes. Finally, annoyed at his attempt to free them and bring them out of the cave, kill him.
SYMBOLS:
-slaves chained rappresntano Man.
-The cave is our fantasy world.
-The shadows of the statues representing all the things in the world of sense.
-chains are ignorance and the passions that we nailed to this life.
-Fire represents the arche, the first principle that allows the existence of things of the sensible world, namely the principle that allows us to see the shadows of true reality that is of Ideas.
-The Sun is the supreme Idea, the Supreme Good, that makes everything knowable.
In the second part of the myth of the cave is very clear that the two choices is presented to those who have attained enlightenment: either remain in been reached or return to bring the truth to men.
In Theravada Buddhism, the latter figure coincides with that of "Bodhisattva" and as the Buddha, because of his compassion for mankind, to temporarily surrender his state of enlightenment to make known to all sentient beings on the path towards Truth to free them from the chains of this illusory world.
In this light, Christ can also be regarded as a bodhisattva.
' POSSIBLE that an asteroid hits the Earth? In the past the Earth has been hit by asteroids. The most striking example is the Tunguska incident in Siberia on June 30, 1908 7:14 of a meteorite of about 30 meters in diameter fell in the area. The result was the killing of some 65 million trees over an area of \u200b\u200b2150 square kilometers. The sound of the explosion was heard up to 1000 kilometers away and the huge glare caused by the impact was seen even at much greater distances. In London it was midnight, but the sky lit up like daylight.
Luckily the meteorite fell in an uninhabited area. What would happen if he fell on a big city?
65 years ago, millions of tourists and became extinct on our planet, the dinosaurs that lived 160 million years. Their extinction was due to the fall of an asteroid probably 10 miles in diameter. This asteroid fell on the Yucatan, Mexico, causing a crater of 180 kilometers in diameter. His fall resulted in the development of huge quantities of dust which spread throughout the atmosphere of our planet. The Sun is "dark" for tens of years and the intense cold caused the end of the dinosaurs.
A similar event also happened 250 million years ago and caused the almost total extinction of life on our planet.
These events can be repeated? How likely is that a large asteroid will strike it down again on Earth? Scientists estimate that some 100,000 asteroids and comets wander near the earth. Of these, 20 000 are a possible threat of an impact with Earth. NASA telescopes currently available, allowed to now identify and observe a third of these celestial objects, about 6330. "Bringing in these encounter during their journey to Earth orbit and in the future could become a possible threat to our planet," said NASA's Lindley Johnson experienced.
On the other hand, if you look at the surface of the Moon or Mercury, you see that are characterized by hundreds of meteorite craters, but these two celestial bodies are devoid of atmosphere. The smaller asteroids can not reach the Earth's surface because they are burnt, crushed and pulverized due to the enormous friction that arises when they enter the atmosphere. The craters caused by asteroids larger in their impact with Earth are difficult to identify because of erosion over the centuries of weather (wind, rain, snow, hail, rivers and streams due to erosion, etc. ...).
A threat to the Earth he ran March 2, 2009, when an asteroid about 40 meters in diameter was increased to 63,500 kilometers from Earth, very short distance in astronomical terms, but the worrying fact is that NASA had identified only February 27!
The next event is expected to be kept under control in 2036 when the asteroid Aphosis (390 meters long) crosses the orbit of the Earth. The certainty in the path of this asteroid will have only in 2029.
The NEAT (Near Earth Asteroid Tracking) is the organization that is responsible for controlling the asteroids, but that remains to be considered for now have not been yet identified all the asteroids exist.
canonical Gospels and Apocrypha the Council of Nicaea convened by Emperor Constantine in 325 AD, the Catholic Church adopted the four canonical Gospels and rejected all others. To insist that the gospels should be four was Irenaeus of Lyon, a theologian of the second century, who stated that, as there were four corners of the earth and the four winds, so there could be no more than four or less than four Gospels.
The canonical Gospels all derive from a "source Q," which was a collection of sayings of Jesus that circulated among early Christians. The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles were written between 50 and 60 AD. 70 were written after the Gospels of Mark and Matthew, and finally between 90 and 100 of John. The Tradition of the Church believes, however, that the first Gospel to be written was that of Mark. In any case, the first original manuscripts of the four Gospels which we possess now go back to the second century AD.
Researchers say that in later times there have been many additions and manipulations, it is very difficult to recognize in these writings than has been actually said by Jesus Doubts about authentic historical value of the Gospel accounts arising the fact that some critics say that they would be transcripts of previous oral transmission, written down several decades after Jesus' death
All the gospels rejected by the Church are called "Apocrypha". The oldest of the canonical Gospels is the Gospel of Thomas and Sophia of Jesus certainly the oldest of Matthew's Gospel are the Gospel of Peter and the Secret Gospel of Mark. Background to the Gospel of John is the Gospel of the Hebrews and the Gospel of the Egyptians. Between the end of the first century and the second century were then written to the secret book of James, the Gospel of the Ebionites, the Gospel of the Nazarenes, the Gospel of Basilides, Gospel of Mary, the Gospel of the Savior, the Apocryphon John, the Gospel of Judas, Gospel of James, the Gospel of Truth, the Gospel of Philip, and Pistis Sophia.
There are also some lost gospels, of which only knows the name: the Gospel of Andrew, the Gospel of Marcion's Gospel Cerinthus, the Gospel of the Twelve.
After the death of Jesus arose many sects "Christian" doctrines that were often different between them and that were based on this or that gospel. The majority of these seven totally rejecting the Old Testament and believed that the God of the Bible was a lesser god and that Christ had come instead to let us know the Father Hidden. These seven were broadly defined Gnostic.
From the third century onwards, in the struggle for supremacy doctrine, what then emerged calling itself the Catholic Church. This called heretical sects and all the others, which enjoyed strong Roman Empire, was finally over.
Given that almost all the early Christians were Jews, it is clear that we had to get the identification of the God of the Bible preached by Jesus with the Father Hidden And so the Church also adopted as canonical texts of the Old Testament.
phrases attributed to Jesus in the canonical Gospels according to which He had come to change and not to abolish "the law and the prophets", were clearly added in later centuries, not to mention then the phrase "You are Peter and upon this rock I will build my Church" that was added even later.
Within the Church the word "apocrypha" took on the meaning of "false", while the true meaning of this word is "hidden." The Greek word is APOKRYPTEIN: APO = all hide = KRYPTEIN.
For Irenaeus of Lyons, he himself confessed that the canonical Gospels were devised to combat "certain" heresies heresies so that concern ideas much earlier than the doctrinal content of the canonical Gospels. Moreover, these Gospels are associated with "certain" evangelists of his time alone and then in the same Catholic Encyclopedia admits that the "canonical" in any way can not be written by people that binds them to this day.
Then there is the bad faith of the Catholic storografia on the Gospel of Thomas to 340 AD when Irenaeus of Lyons (d. 202 AD) mentions it specifically with the Gospel of Judas in 180 AD!
In fact, in 180 AD, Irenaeus, on several occasions, he cites no less than 30 gospels that were circulating in his time.
